Non‐specific immune responses and intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract

This study investigated the effects of Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract (JFE) as an excellent source of nutrients and phytochemicals on the innate immune responses and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Three hundred healthy carps (10.78 ± 0.05 g) fingerlings were randomly allocated to 12 fibre glass tanks (300L; 15 fish per tank) and fed for 8 weeks with experimental diets which contained different levels of JFE (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1%). Thereafter, serum non‐specific immune parameters [total immunoglobulin (Ig) as well as alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme activity (SL)] and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity (lyz, tnf‐alpha, il1b, il8, il10, and tgfb) were measured. The results revealed a significant elevation of Ig level in the JFE‐fed fish (p < 0.05) over the control fish. However, there was no significant difference among treated groups in case of serum total Ig. The highest levels of SL and ACH50 were observed in fish fed 1% of JFE. Nonetheless, no significant difference was noticed regarding SL and ACH50 of control and other supplemented groups (0.25% and 0.5% JFE). Also, expression of lyz, tnf‐alpha, and il1b genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in JFE‐fed fish, in a dose‐dependent manner. On the other hand, significant (p < 0.05) down‐regulation of il110 and tgfb were noticed in treated groups. The present findings suggested that extraction of Jujube, Z. jujube fruit, possesses beneficial effects on immune responses of common carp.     

Histopathological and ultrastructural assessment of two mugilid species infected with myxozoans and helminths

The histopathology and ultrastructure of the intestine of mullets, Liza ramada and Liza saliens, from Comacchio lagoons (northern Italy) naturally infected with myxozoans and helminths were investigated and described. Sixty‐two (80.5%) of 77 mullets harboured one or more of the following parasites species: Myxobolus mugchelo (Myxozoa), Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Acanthocephala), Haplosplanchnus pachysomus and Dicrogaster contractus (Digenea). Co‐occurrence of helminths with myxozoans was common. The main damage caused by digeneans was destruction of the mucosal epithelium of the villi, necrosis and degeneration of intestinal epithelial cells. More severe intestinal damage was caused by acanthocephalans which reach the submucosa layer with their proboscis. At the site of helminths infection, several mast cells (MCs), rodlet cells (RCs), mucous cells and few neutrophils and macrophages were observed in the epithelium. RCs and mucous cells exhibited discharge activity in close vicinity to the worm's tegument. M. mugchelo conspicuous plasmodia were encysted mainly in muscle and submucosa layers of the intestine. Indeed, spores of M. mugchelo were documented within the epithelial cells of host intestine and in proximity to MCs. Degranulation of the MCs near the myxozoans was very frequent.     

Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

乳酸菌培养物对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究灭活乳酸菌培养物对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响。选择300只体重相近的健康1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,雌、雄各半。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组在基础日粮中添加0.01%金霉素,乳酸菌培养物组分别在基础日粮中添加0.16%乳酸菌培养物L1、L2、L3。试验期42 d,分1~21日龄(前期)和22~42日龄(后期)2个阶段。结果显示,1~21日龄时,乳酸菌培养物L1组肉鸡平均日采食量极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01),血清中白介素-2(IL-2)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),脾脏指数、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L2组肉鸡脾脏指数、胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L3组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01);抗生素组肉鸡血清中γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)含量显著高于乳酸菌培养物组(P<0.05)。22~42日龄时,乳酸菌培养物L1、L2组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01);乳酸菌培养物L2组肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05),血清新城疫抗体效价及脾脏指数、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L3组肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量及胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可知,在肉鸡日粮中添加一定量的灭活乳酸菌培养物可在一定程度上提高肉鸡的生长性能、增强其免疫功能,其中,对于提高肉鸡的生长性能,试验前期添加L3效果较好,试验后期添加L1和L2效果较好;对于增强肉鸡的免疫功能,试验前期添加L1效果较好,试验后期添加L2效果较好。     

人工感染嗜水气单胞菌对日本鳗鲡非特异性免疫功能的影响

对注射嗜水气单胞菌菌液(3×106CFU·mL-1)的鳗鲡,进行外周血的血相、白细胞吞噬活性、血清抗菌活力等免疫学指标的测定.结果显示:在感染的初期,感染组外周血中白细胞和淋巴细胞数量、白细胞吞噬活性及血清抗菌活力较对照组均有显著提高,其中感染组的外周血的白细胞、淋巴细胞的数量与对照组相比均有显著提高,感染组粒细胞数量...     

艾佐迈对草鱼生长、肠道消化酶活性和血清非特异性免疫的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%艾佐迈(azomite),饲养平均体质量为(64.20±1.68)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)8周,研究其对草鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和血清非特异性免疫的影响.结果表明:饲料中添加艾佐迈可在不同程度上改善草鱼生长性能,其中添加0.2%艾佐迈使增质量率提高16.65%(P=0.08),饲料系数降低12.90%(P＜0.05);添加0.2%和0.4%艾佐迈可显著提高草鱼的肥满度(P＜0.05);艾佐迈对草鱼肌肉水分、灰分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均无影响(P＞0.05);添加0.2%～0.4%艾佐迈可在不同程度上提高草鱼前肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性及血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性.其中0.2%艾佐迈添加组可显著提高血清SOD活性(P＜0.05);饲料中添加0.2%、0.3%艾佐迈时草鱼肝胰脏谷草转氨酶(glutamic-oxalaceric transaminase,GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,GPT)活性无影响(P＞0.05),但添加0.4%艾佐迈组显著降低了肝胰脏GOT、GPT活性.上述结果表明:饲料中添加艾佐迈可提高草鱼的生长性能和血清非特异性免疫力;草鱼饲料中艾佐迈添加量建议为0.2%.     

微小隐孢子虫重组蛋白CP21的免疫特性

采用微小隐孢子虫CP21基因的原核表达蛋白的抗血清对微小隐孢子虫感染HCT-8细胞进行了体外阻断试验,检测不同浓度抗血清对HCT-8细胞感染隐孢子虫感染率的影响.同时应用纯化的重组CP21蛋白对小鼠进行免疫,检测体液免疫水平和细胞免疫水平的变化.对免疫后的小鼠接种微小隐孢子虫,检测重组CP21蛋白对微小隐孢子虫感染的保...     

鸡新城疫疫苗不同剂量饮水免疫效果研究

目前在我国广大的养殖户中存在着不同的新城疫饮水免疫使用剂量,为了探索一个最佳的剂量以提高免疫效果,增加养殖户的经济效益,我们采取了2-5倍剂量新城疫Ⅳ系活疫苗于第7d对不同实验组进行饮水免疫,分别于第7、14、21、283、5、42d采血并测量HI抗体效价,结果表明：4倍量饮水免疫效果最佳。     

谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫的调节作用

作者综述了早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫系统、谷氨酰胺的营养生理功能、早期断奶对仔猪肠黏膜免疫的影响,以及谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫系统的结构和功能、肠道屏障功能、肠道抗氧化能力及生产性能的影响。